Fasteners



' May 12, 1959 G E. BJORKLUND FASTENERS Filed Jan. 29, 1951 z,ss6,ss4

1 FASTENERS 1 Gustaf Erik Bjiirklund, Stockholm, Sweden Application January 29, 1951, Serial No.'208,300 1 Claim. 01. 287-52) -If two parts are to be secured together by one part beinginserted in a hole in the-other part and held in position in the latter part by means of friction, very close tolerances of the hole and the part inserted therein are oftennecessary in order that too great differences in the pressure effecting the friction will not occur. .For instance, this is the case in mounting ball bearings, too great aswell as too small engaging pressure jeopardizing the right function of'the ball bearing. As working to dimensions having small tolerances requires expensive and, time-consuming working operations, it would be advantageous. if the value of the tolerance (according to the;I.S.A.-tolerancei system in which a higher value corresponds to less accuracy, i.e. larger tolerance zone for the same nominal size) could be raised, without the differences in pressure being increased correspondingly. This is madepossible by using afastener according to Fig. 9 shows a longitudinal section takenon the line IX- -IX of Fig. 8=and, finally,

Fig. 10. shows on an enlarged scale in part a portion of the fastener according toFigs. 8 and 9 arranged inthe' space between two elements and in part a somewhat. modified embodiment of such a portion in the same spacek InFigs. 1 and2, 1 indicates an outer ring in which an inner ring Z'is secured by means of a fastener in. the form of a corrugated ring 3,"the folds of which extend axially. The ring 3 is dimensioned in such a way, that the'desired radial pressure is obtained on'theouter envelope: surfacev of the inner ring and on the inner envelope surface of.

the outer ring. The radial pressure acting on the corners of the folds is divided into components in parallel direction to the'ring material on both sides of each corner. The-material of'the' ring between an outer comer and theadjacent inner corner is upset in the direction of terial'is obtained. Supposing, that an outer ring, being the present invention which is adapted to be inserted in b'f'this. kind so 'arran'gedand constructed as to be deformedplastically when inserted in the annularspace. i Ano'therpbject of theinvention is to providea fastener having cavities into'which the material can flow Or, .expand during the plastic deformatidiii li I I 1 1 nother 'qb'ect of the'invention is toprovide a fastener g c:ons'tructed and arranged as tobedeformedfinlsuch awaygwhen insertedin' the annular space, thattheradial pressuregon the 'fastenerwill'be independent of thei size f heclearance between the members tobe connected. 2 -Ljihnotlier object of the invention 'is to" provide. a fastener comprising elements intended to' be inserted fthe' annul'ar s'paceand another elementthat is. not intendedto nd; into ,said space but to hold, the .former elements together."

Still further objects of the invention will be apparent iron; the following description taken :gonjunctipn ,with th ac'cempt ,y s' "drawing h-i, Fa everal: l bodime'nts'iif'tlfe'invention. In the drawing,

Fig. 1 is an end view of a fastener according to the invention used for connecting two rings,

Fig. 2 shows a longitudinal section of the fastener and the rings taken on the line II-II of Fig. 1,

Fig. 3 is an end view of another embodiment of the invention,

Fig. 4 shows a longitudinal section taken on the line IV-IV of Fig. 3,

Fig. 5 is an end view of a further embodiment of the invention,

Fig. 6 shows a longitudinal section taken on the line VI--VI of Fig. 5,

Fig. 7 shows an axial section of a further embodiment of the invention,

Fig. 8 is an end view of a further embodiment of the invention,

of'the low limit of the tolerance zone, is instead pressed upon-the corrugated ring; the reduced radial clearance will involve increased deformation of the corrugated ring and a larger compression of the'materialof each'fold. At the same time, however, there is aflattening o'ut'ofi the Ifolds, their' corner angles 1 being enlarged. By "choosing suitable material for and dimensions of the corrugatedring, it is possible-forthe increasedstr'ess in the material, corresponding to the increased compression; to be wholly compensated bythe =inereaseoff -the component-force caused by-the change'of angles at unaltered radial "pressure... a I a v It is thus obvious, that the hole dimensions of the outer ring maybe varied considerablywithout the radial'pre s sure being altered to a degreeiworth mentionin'g which means, that a high valu e of tolerance can be chosen. The diameter of the inner ringmay be varied correspond ingly within wide limits at approximatelyconstant-value of. the diameter of the outer'ring. 1 Further, "the dimen sions of both 'rings'niay -vary within moderate-limits, without the radialpressure being altered to a degree "worth mentioningw g .1 q I The material of thecor-rugated ring as well as itspitch angle afrnaterialthickness andheight of folds are chosen in each individual casewith-regard to the dimensions and tolerances of the'out'er -and" inner ring' in order to arrive at the desired radial pressure.- Thisis a matterl of dimensionin an which is obvious to tlio'seskilled in thegar t-nz. r; :211; 3 2' Theiring.4,.. hown' in: -Figs'.- 3 and 4,-is provided with grooves extending axially on the outer and inner sides, so that projecting teeth or ridges 5 are formed. As the ring is pressed into the annular space between two parts to be connected, the teeth will be deformed plastically, and therefore, less variation of the radial pressure will occur with variations in the size of the space between the parts than is the case with direct fitting of the parts with the same tolerances. However, by making the grooves oblique in relation to the radius, so that the teeth or ridges will be inclined, it is also possible in this construction to obtain such an eifect, that the radial pressure will remain approximately constant with varying radial clearance between the parts. However, a necessary condition for this is, that the height and width of the teeth are chosen in such a way, that their angle of inclination Patented May 12, l9 59 running parallel ito :the :edges, said corrugations "making.

themingismompression .possible .in radial direction. To a certain extent, 'the same effect is obtained in both of these latter forms of fasteners 'as in 'the fasteners .according to figs. ;1 and .2, the projections :and corrugations i'respectively being :deforrned 'in :about the :same manner as the :folds ofzthe iring 3.

In :the lembodiment :of -;the invention, shown :in Figs. .8 and :9, :the zring shaped fastener is divided .in .a number of-sections dhroug'hmdal cuttings, .the sections I being held together :by an ce'lement which ':is :not intended to be 'insertedzinto zthezspace 'between the partsito .be connected. The fastener is thus made .out .of ;a substantially circular plate. which is .cut at thetedge, so that :lugs '11 are formed which are bent in the .same direction and form rightrangl'eswith"thelremaining plane portion of the plate. Moreover, :the .lugs'which are thus positioned in a substantially circular :ring are curved, :the concave sides facing toutwardly. When this fastener is used, the lugs 11 are pressedinto the space '14 between :the parts 12 and 13 to'be connected, as is seen in :Fig. 10, which shows onlyanedgeportion ofthe plate and the corresponding portions Dftheparts:12.and 13. "Instead of being curved, such asthe lug151shown in Fig. .10, the lugs may be flat such asa'the-lug 16- shown inthe same figure. However, the ".extent of curving, wall thickness, width .:and mutual distaneemf the lugs are chosen with regard .to the .size of the-space 14 in order to obtain the desired radial pressure.

welt iiswof tessential significance .that the material of .the fastener aswell as .its :dimensions are chosen in-such :a way thatyplastic deformation will 'occur from I the desired radial pressure. By this means the stressin the material will be less dependent upon the extent of the deformation,

and the ;radial pressure will. vary less because -of :dimensional r-variations of. the connected parts Zthan in l the case ofelastic deformation only.

According to this .inventionitwill'be possible to use inexpensive working-methods forlholes and axles, by way of *example, which 'will :fit together, as well as :in cases where ,the'rradial pressure in friction connections is not permitted [to wary considerably. Thus, .ball bearings .may

be mounted in .-holes made .by turning, drilling for press I casting or on axles machined to equivalent accuracy. Onttbenother .=hand, -:it will be possible at moderate -.variations :ofthe dimensions of .holes and .axles to obtain increased ,guarantee that the radial pressure will not exceed rthe values permitted. Moreover, inaccuracies :in

shape a(.ovalitiesj) or of HthE'ESUEfaCCS of itheholes zarrd axles will .be compensated. In practical application 'of the invention the fasteners may be standardized and provided *with r stamped data ;:on sizes :and :grades :to '.fit.

.It will .be understood that the .inventiorrforming the subject matter of this application is not restricted to the embodiments herein disclosed and hereinbefore described, but is intended to include all forms of structure falling within the scope of the appended claim.

What I claim is:

The combination with an outer member having an inner fixed cylindrical surface and an inner member having an outer fixedcylindrical surface of smaller diameter to provide an annular space-between said members of a fastener to secure said members together, said fastener comprising :an .integral and circumferentially continuous one-piece ring-shaped element of deformable sheet material having less will thicknessthan the distance between said surfaces and disposed in said annular space, said element including a plurality of radial force transmitting portions in contact with said inner and outer surfaces at a plurality :o'fsspaced locations substantially uniformly distributed around the circumferences of surfaces and 'circumferentially .ofiset from .eachother at the locations .of contact with the respectively different surfaces,rthe diametersof theinscribedand circumscribed circles of said force transmitting portions prior to assembly'of said element with said outer and inner members being respectively less than the diameter of said outer fixedcylindrical surface of said inner memberand greater than :the :diameter of said inner fixed cylindrical surface of said outer member whereby said force transmitting portions become :radially compressed to an extent effecting :pl-astic deformation of the 'materi'al of said element to provide a substantially constant radial pressure between said members independent of diiferences in the distance between said=surfaces resulting from differences in the-diameters 0f Jsaid -surfaces within the "tolerance limits for thermanufacture thereof.

References Cited in the file of this :patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 404,300 Perkins .May 28, 1889 404,824 Clark et al. June .11, 1889 679,338 Rohrbeck July 30, .1901 784,524 Latu'lip 'IMar. 7, 19.05 989,112 Bradford .Apr. 11, 1911 1,156,582 Biggar Oct. 12, 1915 11,389,477 'Beeman Aug. .30, .1921 1,424,211 Pugh "Aug. 1, 1922 2,039,342 Pielstick May 5, 1936 2,084,777 Poggensee June .22, 1937 2,3'781099 "Piron June .12, .1945 2,496,700 Cole Feb. .7, 195.0 2,504,776 'Woodfield et a1. Apr. .18, 1950 2,506,404 Woodfield et al. IMay 2,1950 2,616L733 "Strange Nov. 4,1952

FQREIGN -.PAT ENT S 309,081 "Germany "Nov. '14, 1918 484,148 Germany Oct. 11, 1929 

